Awfy I also heard that the Steam deck uses a 1280x800 resolution, so does this mean I have to update my GUI so that it fits to this screen size?
If you really want to properly target and support the device, you should probably invest in getting one of your own. It can act as the devkit as well, no need to get a separate, dedicated device for that like with xbox or playstation. Also, as @Capella said, info specifically pertaining to steam on linux and the SteamDeck/SteamOS 3('HoloOS') is best gotten from valves sources.
... I do however have a hunch that the simplest('dumbest'?) solution might be to implement a application launch/command argument so the game can be launched with an argument that instantly sets the in-game settings to SteamDeck optimized configuration, like some of the other games already do. This doesn't have to just mean graphics settings it can also mean controls and even the UI prompts and hints to what buttons to use, etc.
With all of that said tho, you might also want to explore the OS class, it should have a method for calling external executables. This should help you inquire the system for some info, including distro name and kernel version, etc.