That computer is not the newest, but I used to have a similar machine with a 750 Ti and it could run AAA 3D games at 1080P. It should have no problem with that simple 2D scene in Godot.
Maybe it is using integrated graphics, that is one possibility. Some laptops (or all in one systems) can use switchable graphics, that switches between the dGPU and iGPU, and honestly it never worked.
Or it could be a software issue, such as anti-virus running on the system, or some other background process (cloud backup, etc.). Not sure.