Using the ResourceLoader to load the load path in the .godot folder is the only way I found which is working in the exported build.

Example: ResourceLoader.load("res://.godot/imported/X_Key_Dark.png-85a9a0da0c1ebd0dc3434540f8baecf3.ctex")

If this is the only correct way to load a Compressed Texture, I have a problem, because the path to the compressed texture is getting built in code during runtime, but godot can't find the resource using the normal path when exported.