What desktop computer would you recommend me?

Re. Win10 Pro, most of the features are tailored towards accessing/being on a Windows Domain like group policy and the like.

The only feature I 'need' is bitlocker drive encryption, and my work covered the cost because of this anyway (always worth asking if you also intend to ever use the machine for work? Sames goes for Microsoft Office, a work license should cover home use).

As others have mentioned the GPU market is pretty fried atm, but if you'r OK with second hand I would suggest looking at older gen cards that were always and still are 1080p bangers. I don't know what the Radeon equivalents would be, but for Nvidia I've had a: 780ti was a monster when it came out and will still handle any game at 1080 med/high settings, but 3gb VRAM can be a limitation with big scenes in Blender (can workaround this obviously) 1070 was a borderline 1440p card really, so again will max out most games at 1080 and 8gb VRAM :)

A quick glance on Ebay in my area implies I could get these for ~1/2 the price of the RX5700, and the 1070 at least would come close to it's performance, though may lack newer feature sets. My current card is a 1080ti and again, absolute multi-generation monster that can happily play Horizon Zero Dawn at 4k/medium with a few highs despite it's age. But this basically doesn't support DLSS and RTX, which after tasting on my laptop....mmmmmm.

Anyway second hand market mileage may vary, I'm always super cagey when I deal with other peoples GPUs and will expect to see furmark running in person before I hand over cash.

if it helps, I'm doing a ton of game development, including 3D, with nothing but this piece of garbage lightened with a barebones operating system.

Video rendering takes forever but image editing isn't a problem at all. programming doesn't need specs until you get to rendering, but that's not a problem unless you plan to really get into 3D or shaders. I tried doing shaders and that shot out this thing's knees If you value convenience and don't want to spend a month studying a new operating system, you will almost definitely need something more powerful than this

Don't bother with building a PC right now, they are too expensive.

Components other than GPUs are still reasonably priced, so if you build an AMD 5700G-based machine (which is fine for using Godot), you should be fine :)

The 5700G has the fastest integrated graphics available on a desktop CPU to date. While it's still at least twice as slow as a RX 6500XT, it's fast enough to run Godot 4.0's Vulkan renderer.

Yeah, the 5700G is okay. Even if it's the best iGPU, that is not saying much. I mean, in the current times, I guess it's a decent choice, and you can always add a dGPU later, but I think you will be waiting at least a year for things to settle. So my recommendation is still to get a laptop, because they are regular price and you can get a real GPU, they are quite fast, and even like $1,200 can get you something good.