In theory yes (someone already got Arcadia/ClojureCLR working with Godot!), but in practice there might be some issues with more esoteric libraries, especially those that might be particularly reliant on .NET Framework stuff that doesn't work on Mono (ie. the runtime that Godot uses for running C# et al).
It might also be troublesome on some platforms like Android where Mono isn't 100% supported, IIRC.